How to use this reporting guideline
You can use reporting guidelines throughout your research process.
- When writing: consult the full guidance when writing manuscripts, protocols, and applications. The summary below provides a useful overview, and each item links to fuller guidance with explanations and examples.
- After writing: Complete a checklist and include it with your journal submission.
- To learn: Use SQUIRE and our training to develop as an academic and build writing skills.
However you use SQUIRE, please cite it.
Applicability criteria
Summary of guidance
Although you should describe all items below, you can decide how to order and prioritize items most relevant to your study, findings, context, and readership whilst keeping your writing concise. You can read how SQUIRE was developed in the FAQs.
Item name | What to write |
Title and Abstract | |
1. Title | Indicate that the manuscript concerns an initiative to improve healthcare (broadly defined to include the quality, safety, effectiveness, patient-centredness, timeliness, cost, efficiency and equity of healthcare). |
2. Abstract | 2a. Provide adequate information to aid in searching and indexing. 2b. Summarise all key information from various sections of the text using the abstract format of the intended publication or a structured summary such as: background, local problem, methods, interventions, results, conclusions. |
Introduction | |
3 & 4. Problem description & Available Knowledge |
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5. Rationale | Informal or formal frameworks, models, concepts, and/or theories used to explain the problem, any reasons or assumptions that were used to develop the intervention(s), and reasons why the intervention(s) was expected to work. |
6. Specific aims | Purpose of the project and of this report. |
Methods | |
7. Context | Contextual elements considered important at the outset of introducing the intervention(s). |
8. Intervention(s) |
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9. Study of the Intervention(s) |
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10. Measures |
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11. Analysis |
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12. Ethical considerations | Ethical aspects of implementing and studying the intervention(s) and how they were addressed, including, but not limited to, formal ethics review and potential conflict(s) of interest. |
Results | |
13 a & b. Evolution of the intervention and details of process measures | 13a. Initial steps of the intervention(s) and their evolution over time (e.g., time-line diagram, flow chart, or table), including modifications made to the intervention during the project. 13b. Details of the process measures and outcome. |
13 c, d & e Contextual elements and unexpected consequences | 13c. Contextual elements that interacted with the interventions 13d. Observed associations between outcomes, interventions and relevant contextual factors 13e. Unintended consequences such as benefits, harms, unexpected results, problems or failures associated with the intervention(s) |
13 e. Missing data | 13e. Details about missing data. |
Discussion | |
14. Summary | 14a. Key findings, including relevance to the rationale and specific aims 14b. Particular strengths of the project |
15. Interpretation | 15a. Nature of the association between the intervention(s) and the outcomes 15b. Comparison of results with findings from other publications 15c. Impact of the project on people and systems 15d. Reasons for any differences between observed and anticipated outcomes, including the influence of context 15e. Costs and strategic trade-offs, including opportunity costs |
16. Limitations | 16a. Limits to the generalisability of the work. 16b. Factors that might have limited internal validity such as confounding, bias, or imprecision in the design, methods, measurement, or analysis. 16c. Efforts made to minimise and adjust for limitations. |
17. Conclusion | 17a. Usefulness of the work 17b. Sustainability 17c. Potential for spread to other contexts 17d. Implications for practice and for further study in the field 17e. Suggested next steps |
Other information | |
18. Funding | Sources of funding that supported this work. Role, if any, of the funding organisation in the design, implementation, interpretation and reporting. |
Including the appropriate EQUATOR checklist as part of your submission goes a long way to help establish trust between authors, editors, and reviewers. That’s why our editorial team ensures that applicable reporting checklists are completed during the peer review process, with a completed checklist at submission greatly helping editors and peer reviewers to assess the work.
Adrian Aldcroft
Editor in Chief, BMJ Open
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Assumptions
Reasons for choosing the activities and tools used to bring about changes in healthcare services at the system level. Source
Context
Physical and sociocultural makeup of the local environment (for example, external environmental factors, organizational dynamics, collaboration, resources, leadership, and the like), and the interpretation of these factors (“sense-making”) by the healthcare delivery professionals, patients, and caregivers that can affect the effectiveness and generalizability of intervention(s). Source
Ethical aspects
The value of system-level initiatives relative to their potential for harm, burden, and cost to the stakeholders. Potential harms particularly associated with efforts to improve the quality, safety, and value of healthcare services include opportunity costs, invasion of privacy, and staff distress resulting from disclosure of poor performance.
Generalizability
The likelihood that the intervention(s) in a particular report would produce similar results in other settings, situations, or environments (also referred to as external validity). Source
Healthcare improvement
Any systematic effort intended to raise the quality, safety, and value of healthcare services, usually done at the system level. We encourage the use of this phrase rather than “quality improvement,” which often refers to more narrowly defined approaches. Source
Inferences
The meaning of findings or data, as interpreted by the stakeholders in healthcare services - improvers, healthcare delivery professionals, and/or patients and families. Source
Initiative
A broad term that can refer to organization-wide programs, narrowly focused projects, or the details of specific interventions (for example, planning, execution, and assessment). Source
Internal validity
Demonstrable, credible evidence for efficacy (meaningful impact or change) resulting from introduction of a specific intervention into a particular healthcare system. Source
Interventions
The specific activities and tools introduced into a healthcare system with the aim of changing its performance for the better. Complete description of an intervention includes its inputs, internal activities, and outputs (in the form of a logic model, for example), and the mechanism(s) by which these components are expected to produce changes in a system’s performance. Source #TODO check matches
Opportunity costs
Loss of the ability to perform other tasks or meet other responsibilities resulting from the diversion of resources needed to introduce, test, or sustain a particular improvement initiative. Source
Problem
Meaningful disruption, failure, inadequacy, distress, confusion or other dysfunction in a healthcare service delivery system that adversely affects patients, staff, or the system as a whole, or that prevents care from reaching its full potential. Source
process
The routines and other activities through which healthcare services are delivered. Source
Rationale
Explanation of why particular intervention(s) were chosen and why it was expected to work, be sustainable, and be replicable elsewhere. Source
Systems
The interrelated structures, people, processes, and activities that together create healthcare services for and with individual patients and populations. For example, systems exist from the personal self-care system of a patient, to the individual provider-patient dyad system, to the microsystem, to the macrosystem, and all the way to the market/social/insurance system. These levels are nested within each other. Source
Theory
Any “reason-giving” account that asserts causal relationships between variables (causal theory) or that makes sense of an otherwise obscure process or situation (explanatory theory). Theories come in many forms, and serve different purposes in the phases of improvement work. It is important to be explicit and well-founded about any informal and formal theory (or theories) that are used. Source